Industrial fuel oil serves a vital function in many sectors of our economy. This processed petroleum product is widely used to generate power for industrial operations, spanning from manufacturing and construction to agriculture and energy production. The qualities of industrial fuel oil enable it a suitable choice for these demanding applications

Sputtering is a widespread technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, specifically, has emerged as a favorable method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with controlled thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target with energetic ions, liberating atoms that